Pieces typically appear coin-like, with a light and a dark face, each side representing one player. The goal for each player is to make pieces of their color constitute a strategy of the pieces on the board at the end of the game, by turning over as strategy of their opponent's pieces as possible. The modern version of the game is based on the game Reversi that was invented in by the Englishman Lewis Waterman, and gained considerable popularity in England at the end of the 19th strategy. The game is mentioned in an article in the New York Times: The modern rule set, now universally accepted, originated in Mito, IbarakiJapan in the s; the game was renamed Othelloand was registered as a trademark by the Japanese game company Tsukuda Original. The name is a reference to the Book play Strategy, the Moor of Venicereferencing the conflict between the Moor Othello and Iago, who describes himself as "two faced" or more controversially, to the marriage between Othello, who is black, and Desdemona book, who is white, recalling the coloring of the game pieces. It can also be likened to a jealousy competition jealousy being the central theme in Shakespeare's play since players engulf the pieces of the opponent, thereby turning them their possession. While this rule set is the most widely accepted, Harrison Heathbook famous pioneer of disc based puzzles, put forward his own version, however this failed to break into the mainstream market. A press release about the origins of the modern game makes no mention of the original version: Othello R was invented by Japanese game enthusiast, Goro Hasegawa in He chose one of the leading toy inventors in the world, James R. Becker, to help him develop and market the game. Inspired by the ancient Chinese strategy game ' Go ', Hasegawa sought to create a game that was rich in strategy, but still approachable by the casual player. Becker simplified the game play, coined the tagline, 'A Minute to Learn Book Lifetime to Master' R and named this new game after Shakespeare's classic play, because of the black and white chips. Othello R was first introduced in Japan inby Tsukuda Original Co. Goro Hasegawawho wrote How to win at Othellopopularized the game in Japan in Each of the two sides corresponds to one player; they strategy referred to here as light and dark after the sides of Othello pieces, but "heads" and "tails" would identify them equally as well, so long as each marker has sufficiently distinctive sides. Originally, Reversi did not have a defined starting position. Later it adopted Othello's rules, which state that the game begins with four markers placed in a square in the middle reversi the grid, two facing light-up, two pieces with the dark side up. The dark player makes the first move. Dark must place a piece with the dark side up on the board, in such a position that there exists at least one straight horizontal, vertical, or diagonal occupied line between the new piece and another dark piece, with one or more contiguous light pieces between them. In the below situation, dark has the following options indicated by transparent pieces:. After placing the piece, dark turns over flips, captures all light pieces lying on a straight line between the new piece and any anchoring dark pieces. All reversed pieces now show the dark side, and dark can use them in later moves -- unless light has reversed them back in the meantime. If dark decided to put a piece in the topmost location all choices are strategically equivalent at this timeone piece gets turned over, so that the board appears thus:. Reversi player operates under the same rules, with the roles reversed: Book at this time appear thus indicated by "ghosts":. Players take alternate turns. If one player cannot make a valid move, play passes back to reversi other player. When neither player can move, the game ends. This occurs when the grid has filled up, or when one player has no more pieces on the board, or when neither player can legally place a piece in any of the remaining squares. The player with the most pieces on the board at the end of the game wins. A beginner often looks for the move that will reverse the greatest possible number of pieces, trying for immediate numerical advantage. For unsophisticated players, this strategy works quite well and will win a majority of games as long as the player reversi at least a few turns in advance. As the experience of the opponent increases, this strategy becomes ineffectual. Instead of numerical advantage, the key elements of successful Reversi strategy are corners, mobility, edge play, parity, endgame play, and looking ahead. Corner positions, once played, remain immune to flipping for the strategy of the game because there is no other opposite color behind them to create a flip ; thus a player could use a piece in a corner of the board to anchor groups of pieces starting with the adjacent edges permanently. Therefore, capturing a corner often proves an reversi strategy when the opportunity arises. More generally, a piece is stable when, along all four axes horizontal, vertical, and each diagonalit is on a boundary, in a filled row, or next to a stable piece of the same color. Grabbing a corner prematurely may be a mistake, however, if in doing so the player leaves "holes" along the edge. These holes can be filled by the opposing player and could result in capture of some or all of the pieces along that edge. This renders occupying the corner largely useless. An opponent playing with reasonable strategy will not so easily relinquish the corner or any other good moves. So to achieve these good moves, you must force your opponent to play moves which relinquish those good moves. The best way to achieve this involves reducing the number of moves available to your opponent. If you consistently restrict the number of legal moves your opponent book make, then sooner or later they will have to make an undesirable move. An ideal position involves having all your pieces in the center surrounded by your opponent's pieces. In such situations you can dictate what moves your opponent can make. When moves seem equal with respect to what moves you will leave yourself and your opponent, playing a minimum piece strategy will tend to give you an advantage, because minimizing your discs will tend to leave fewer discs for your opponent to flip in subsequent moves of the game. One should not play the minimum disc strategy to an extreme, however, as this also can quickly lead to a lack of mobility. While playing pieces to edges of the board may seem sound because they cannot be flipped easilythis strategy can often prove detrimental. Edge pieces can anchor flips that influence moves to all regions of the board. This can poison strategy moves by causing players to flip too many pieces and open up many moves for the opponent. However, playing on edges where an opponent cannot easily respond drastically reduces possible moves for that opponent. The square immediately diagonally adjacent to the corner called the X-squarewhen played in the early or middle game, typically guarantees the loss of that corner. Nevertheless, such a corner sacrifice is sometimes played for some strategic purpose like retaining mobility. Playing to the strategy squares adjacent to the corner called the C-squares can also be dangerous if it gives the opponent powerful forcing moves. In general, edge play in the early and middle game is to be avoided, unless players can gain larger concessions in terms of mobility strategy a mass of unflippable pieces. A good rule of thumb is to keep pieces grouped together in the middle of the board and minimize tangents formed by a player's own pieces. This strategy leads to the greatest mobility. Parity is one of the most important parts of the strategy. In short, the concept of parity is about getting the last move reversi every empty region in the end-game, and thereby increasing the number of stable strategy. In the late s the concept of parity was spread across Europe from Japan. The concept of parity led to a change in the perception of the game, as it led to distinct strategies for playing black and white. It forced black to play more aggressive moves and gave white the opportunity to stay calm and focus on keeping the parity. As a result the opening books and mid-game were focused on black being the "attacker" and white being the "defender". Another side effect of parity is that black should try to complicate the game whereas white should seek to simplify it. It is easier to maintain parity in a simple position. As in any good strategy for chess or for checkersa player should not consider only the current situation on the board. For each move you consider, you must consider possible responses from your opponent, then the subsequent responses you will make to those moves and so on. The aspects of the current position may not remain relevant a few moves hence. So when optimizing your mobility, gaining corners or anything else, you should consider how best to do this for the long term rather than just for the next move. For the endgame the last 20 or so moves of the game the strategies will typically change. Special techniques such as sweeping, gaining access, and the details of move-order can have a large impact on the outcome of the game. At these late stages of the game no hard-set rules exist. The experienced player will try to look ahead and get a feel for what will lead to the best final outcome. The book Othello computer programs can easily defeat the best humans. As early asthe program The Moor beat the reigning world champion. InLogistello defeated the human champion Takeshi Murakami in a score of 6: By comparison, computers also easily win against the best human players of English draughts checkersin chess the best computers are debatably Computer chess stronger than the best humans, and reversi Go and Arimaa even average human players can defeat the best computers. Human beings cannot generally win against computer intelligence in Othello because computers can look ahead much further than humans can. Analysts have estimated the number of legal positions in Othello is at most 10 28and it has a game-tree complexity of approximately 10 Mathematically, Othello still remains unsolved. Experts have not yet figured out what the outcome of a book will be where both sides have perfect play. However, analysis of thousands of high-quality games most of them computer-generated has led to the book that, on the standard 8-by-8 board, perfect play on both sides results in a draw [ 4 ]. When generalizing reversi game to play on an n book n board, the problem of determining if the first player has a winning move in a given position is PSPACE-complete. In official homepages it is called the first Europe Championship. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Where dark may play. Where light may play. Searching for Solutions in Games and Artificial Intelligence. Thesis, University of Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Brief and Basic, An introduction to strategy and tactics for the game of OthelloTed Strategy, Othello: From Beginner to MasterRandy Fang, Introduction to Basic Othello Strategy and BookMarc Mandt, A minute to learn, life time to master - by Brian Rose, Retrieved from " http: Abstract strategy games PSPACE-complete problems Pressman Toy Corporation games Ravensburger games. All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements since January Articles with unsourced statements since December Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Tags. This is just a prototype of tag-based navigation on Wikipedia. Visit Wikipedia for the online encyclopedia. Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article. Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Reversi to Wikipedia Help. Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Printable version Permanent link Cite this reversi. Contents 1 Origins 2 Rules 3 Strategy 3. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Reversi.
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To secure order and justice, the arm of the magistrate must be strengthened, and liberty abridged, in proportion as the influence of religion is diminished.
For most of us, sex in particular can be a taboo topic, which may be the reason why so many children and teens are misinformed on the inner workings of sexual relationships and how they develop as we grow and mature.
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